{"id":1180,"date":"2019-10-10T10:52:49","date_gmt":"2019-10-10T12:52:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.margirastai.lt\/?post_type=product&#038;p=1180"},"modified":"2022-11-18T09:30:11","modified_gmt":"2022-11-18T11:30:11","slug":"grynojo-proto-kritika","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/www.margirastai.lt\/en\/product\/grynojo-proto-kritika\/","title":{"rendered":"Grynojo proto kritika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kanto \u201eGrynojo proto kritika\u201c \u2013 vienas i\u0161kiliausi\u0173 ir reik\u0161mingiausi\u0173 filosofijos veikal\u0173 \u017emonijos minties istorijoje. Pagrindinis klausimas, kuris r\u016bpi filosofui, \u2013 ar galima metafizika (filosofija) kaip mokslas, prilygstanti matematikai ir teoriniam gamtos mokslui, kuri\u0173 teiginiai visuotinai pripa\u017e\u012fstami. Siekdamas \u012f j\u012f atsakyti, Kantas suk\u016br\u0117 i\u0161sami\u0105 pa\u017einimo teorij\u0105, kurioje steng\u0117si i\u0161ai\u0161kinti, ar galimas, kiek ir kaip galimas visuotin\u0119 reik\u0161m\u0119 turintis daikt\u0173 pa\u017einimas. Pasak Kanto, egzistuoja nuo subjekto nepriklausomos apriorin\u0117s pa\u017einimo formos, tarsi \u017emogaus m\u0105stymo programa, pagal kuri\u0105 sutvarkomi patyrimo duomenys. Jis skiria juslin\u012f pa\u017einim\u0105 ir du teorinio pa\u017einimo lygmenis \u2013 intelekt\u0105 (<em>Verstand<\/em>) ir prot\u0105 (<em>Vernunft<\/em>). Apriorin\u0117s juslumo (juslinio steb\u0117jimo) formos, kuriomis intelektui pateikiami objektai (j\u0173 vaizdiniai), yra erdv\u0117 ir laikas. Ta\u010diau juslumas d\u0117l savo prigimties objektus mums gali pateikti tik kaip rei\u0161kinius, o daiktai patys savaime (noumenai) mums yra nepa\u017ein\u016bs. Apriorin\u0117s intelekto formos \u2013 tai substancijos, prie\u017easties, egzistavimo ir kitos kategorijos (j\u0173 Kantas nurodo dvylika), arba grynosios intelektin\u0117s s\u0105vokos, kuriomis m\u0105stoma juslinio steb\u0117jimo pateikta med\u017eiaga. Intelektas apibendrina juslini\u0173 vaizdini\u0173 \u012fvairov\u0119 ir pagal tam tikras taisykles suteikia jai vienum\u0105. Protas \u2013 auk\u0161\u010diausiasis \u017emogaus pa\u017eintinis sugeb\u0117jimas. Jis kuria m\u0105stymo principus, visiems intelekto veiksmams ir kartu jo \u017einioms suteikia b\u016btin\u0105 sistemin\u012f vienum\u0105. Protas stengiasi i\u0161siver\u017eti i\u0161 rei\u0161kini\u0173 pasaulio ir \u012fsiskverbti \u012f noumen\u0173 srit\u012f. Tam jis sukuria ir taiko ypatingas apriorines formas \u2013 gryn\u0105sias proto s\u0105vokas, kurioms jutimai negali pateikti jokio adekvataus objekto, arba transcendentalines id\u0117jas. Kantas i\u0161samiai analizuoja tris pamatines proto id\u0117jas \u2013 sielos, pasaulio ir Dievo \u2013 ir parodo, kad stengdamasis \u012frodyti \u0161i\u0173 id\u0117j\u0173 pagr\u012fstum\u0105 protas nei\u0161vengiamai susiduria su prie\u0161taravimais (antinomijomis), kai vienodai galima \u012frodyti ir tez\u0119, ir antitez\u0119, o tai prie\u0161tarauja pagrindiniam logikos d\u0117sniui. Taigi \u017emogi\u0161kasis pa\u017einimas negali per\u017eengti patyrimo rib\u0173. Tod\u0117l protas turi atsisakyti \u0161i\u0173 nepagr\u012fst\u0173 pretenzij\u0173, kad i\u0161vengt\u0173 suklydim\u0173, pakirtusi\u0173 metafizikos autoritet\u0105. Filosofijos paskirtis \u2013 skatinti intelektualin\u012f ir moralin\u012f asmenyb\u0117s tobul\u0117jim\u0105, atsakyti \u012f esminius \u017emogaus b\u016bties klausimus: k\u0105 a\u0161 galiu \u017einoti? k\u0105 a\u0161 privalau daryti? ko a\u0161 galiu tik\u0117tis?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kantui labiau r\u016bp\u0117jo \u201ene objektai, bet b\u016bdas, kuriuo mes pa\u017e\u012fstame objektus, kiek \u0161is b\u016bdas turi b\u016bti galimas <em>a priori<\/em>\u201c, t. y. kaip \u017emogus, tur\u0117damas tik vaizdinius ir s\u0105vokas, jais remdamasis sprend\u017eia apie daiktus, kaip nuo vaizdini\u0173 ir s\u0105vok\u0173 pereinama prie daikt\u0173, nuo subjekto prie objekto, tod\u0117l savo pa\u017einimo teorij\u0105 jis vadino transcendentaline filosofija (lot. <em>transcendere<\/em> \u2013 per\u017eengti, pereiti). Tradicin\u0117 pa\u017einimo samprata subjekt\u0105 prie\u0161prie\u0161ino objektams, kuriuos pa\u017e\u012fstame, ir teig\u0117, kad \u017einios turi prisiderinti prie objekt\u0173. Kanto po\u017ei\u016briu, prie\u0161ingai, objektai priklauso nuo apriorini\u0173 pa\u017einimo form\u0173 ir turi prie j\u0173 prisiderinti. Savo apriorizmo samprat\u0105 Kantas laik\u0117 \u201ekoperniki\u0161kuoju perversmu filosofijoje\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Savo filosofij\u0105 Kantas vadino kritine, nes, analizuodamas pa\u017einimo \u0161altinius, formas ir mechanizm\u0105, jis siek\u0117 i\u0161tirti \u017emogaus proto pa\u017eintini\u0173 sugeb\u0117jim\u0173 galimybes ir ribas, atskleisti pa\u017einimo prie\u0161taringum\u0105, parodyti nepagr\u012fst\u0173 proto pretenzij\u0173 iliuzi\u0161kum\u0105. Savo \u201eGrynojo proto kritika\u201c jis tik\u0117jo pad\u0117j\u0119s naujos, mokslin\u0117s metafizikos pamatus.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leidimo metai \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">2013<\/span><br \/>\nVert\u0117 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">i\u0161 vokie\u010di\u0173 k. vert\u0117<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Romanas Ple\u010dkaitis<\/span><br \/>\n\u012eri\u0161imas \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">kietas<\/span><br \/>\nPsl. skai\u010dius \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">744<\/span><br \/>\nMatmenys \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #000000;\">12,5&#215;20 cm<\/span><br \/>\nISBN<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 978-9986-09-439-5<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1442,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[15],"product_tag":[],"class_list":["post-1180","product","type-product","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","product_cat-filosofija","product_shipping_class-pristatyms-lietuovoj","first","instock","featured","shipping-taxable","purchasable","product-type-simple"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - 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